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生物权利的理论与实践 (Biorights)

生物权利是一种创新的财务机制,旨在使脱贫和环保相结合,通过提供小额贷款支持可持续发展。生物权利办法可使地方社区摒弃不可持续活动,并积极参与到环境保护和恢复中来。在合同期结束时,如果顺利完成环境保护服务,则小额贷款可转化为最终付款。生物权利将市场驱动工具整合到了较为传统的保护与发展措施中,从而提供了一条创新办法,即地方社区提供生态系统服务,例如,碳吸收、淡水供应和生物多样性等,并由全球的利益相关者支付报酬。这样一来,生物权利办法就将非政府组织、政府、私营部门和地方社区的环保和发展意愿融为了一体。多个实际应用项目证实,作为一个强有力的工具,生物权利可解决当今面临的重大环境问题,包括气候变化和生物多样性损失。鉴于针对减少发展中国家的毁林和森林退化的排放(REDD)发展和联合国千年发展目标所做出的大量工作,生物权利有可能实现全球目标。


Description:

本报告对生物权利的基本原理及理论进行了说明,并为生物权利的实施和应用提供了广泛指导,逐步对各项活动进行了详尽解说,提出了成功发起和管理项目所需采取的措施。此外,通过印度尼西亚和马里的大量详细案例,对实践中各步骤的实施方法和最新取得的成果进行了阐述。本报告的目标读者是在环境保护及发展领域工作中有兴趣实施生物权利办法的专业人士,同时还可供决策人、赞助者、私营部门利益相关者等对融资办法感兴趣的人士参阅,报告不但深入阐述了生物权利的理论,还对实践经验进行了综述。

第一部分. 理论与基本原理

随着人口压力日益增加,可利用土地不断减少,导致所有发展中国家农村社区的发展机会日趋减少。农村大量的贫困农民陷入了“贫困陷阱”:为满足短期生活需求,他们被迫对自然环境进行不可持续的开发。如此开发导致环境变得更加脆弱不堪,发展空间进一步缩小。为了应对当今所面临的重大环保和发展方面的挑战,解决这种生活日益贫困和环境严重恶化的现象已成为当务之急。

以前,人们为脱贫和环保的有效结合付出了众多努力,但都收效甚微。在可持续性发展发面,人们所做出的努力也未取得明显成效,而且环境保护和发展愿望也没有实现有效融合。而生物权利则为协调环保和发展提供了新办法。这种办法汲取了以往各种方案的经验教训,它一方面利用了在环保和发展领域业已成熟有效的手段,同时结合了新近兴起的、颇有前景的(市场驱动)融资工具。

生物权利可视为一种激励机制,类似于针对环境服务付费(PES)的系统。它以三个简单而有效的步骤为基础,使社区成功参与到环境资产保护之中,这对全世界都具有重要意义:

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